Obama Won On Minority Votes - 1268 Words

Obama won on minority votes. He only won 39% of the white vote in 2012, and presumably Hillary Clinton would have greater support amongst white voters; since she quite frankly does not look like the president. As it stands now according to a WSJ poll, the Secretary has slightly lower favorability numbers than the president among white voters (Zitner). But, this question is being asked in the vacuum of yes or no favorability of one candidate, contrary to Election Day where voters would be picking between her and someone else. In that case the Secretary should pick up white women voters who would prefer her to the GOP candidate. However, she cannot focus on picking up white votes at the expense of minority votes. The Black vote in†¦show more content†¦This is excellent news for the Secretary’s hope of winning minority voters in the general due to her ability to win them over in this early stage. However, Secretary Clinton must find ways to preserve this level of s upport. African American voter turnout had record highs of 65% and 66% in ’08 and ’12 respectively (Walter,1). While this turnout was a piece of a larger trend, the chance to vote for the first black President could have overinflated these numbers. Obama pulled down 95% and 93% of the black vote in the general elections, and Sec. Clinton must find a way to replicate those results. She will not have the support based on shared demographics that the president benefitted from. The secretary is a rich white woman and that demographic difference from her predecessor will require her to find different ways to connect to this voting bloc. Specifically, she will need to run a color conscious campaign, in contrast to the relatively color blind campaigns that the President ran. How can she run a color conscious campaign without alienating the white voters? She just needs to follow these three points. First, win the endorsements of noncontroversial black figures. She has already begun this process by gaining support from Magic Johnson, John Legend, and Pharrell Williams. She also isn’t just picking up celebrity support, she also has earned endorsements from Senator Cory Booker, and Representative John Lewis. These could be considered

Essay about Cyber Culture and The Future of Print

Cyber Culture and The Future of Print How has writing and the way we read changed in the last fifty years? Technology, reading, and writing has changed greatly over the last five decades, but how much has it affected our culture? Technology has become our culture, we are cyber culture. We need everything as fast as we can get it, somehow we’ve lost the time through the years to read and write as we once did. Computers have changed the way we work, go to college, shop and so many other day to day events. Many people work at home through their computers and the internet, they never even have to step into an office. It gives people the freedom to work when they choose, they could stay up all night and sleep all day. I think it could†¦show more content†¦It seems like we are heading in that direction. Soon it seems like most people won’t even need to leave their house to shop. So many people shop through the internet that many stores would not be needed you could buy groceries to cars now on the internet. The internet makes it easy to get whatever you want, if you can not find it locally, now even small town people have access to neat specialty stores that before only big cities offered. I use to think that I could never live in a rural area, because I like having unique things and shopping at unique stores. The internet has made it possible to have whatever you want where ever you live and that has changed life in a small town. You no longer have to take the time to shop, you just get on the web and buy whatever your heart desires. Ask someone to not use their computer for a week, they wouldn’t know what to do with themselves. Now days it’s like asking someone not to use their telephone. If I didn’t check my email in week I’d have at least one hundred emails, mostly junk. It seems that most people now days communicate by the internet more then writing letters, it almost seems old-fashioned to write letters. It is convenient to just send an email, the other party gets it immediately, no waiting three to four days for a letter and paying thirty-seven cents to mail. Sven Birkerts talks about it in his essay Into the Electronic Millennium â€Å"This shift is happening throughout ourShow MoreRelated Cyber Culture: The Future of Print Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesminutes into the future (Landow 214). Books are no longer the sole resource for information gathering and communicating. A whole new system for conveying information has taken place. In many ways, we have, for better or worse, already moved beyond the book. Even on the crudest, most materialist standard involving financial returns, we no longer find it at the center of our culture as the primary means of recording and disseminating information and entertainment (Landow 215). 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Although schools are considered to be the safest places for children, media, behavioral problems, and influences insideRead MoreVirtual Reality and the Gaming Industry1363 Words   |  6 Pagesisolation, a playground for immortality (Kershner 1995). Virtual Reality game brings physical and psychological difficulties when they over run and it could be called as cyber sickness. VR interventions were able to increase physical activity capacity and performance in children with CP (Cerebral palsy) or early brain injury. Cyber sickness is one of the physiological impacts during or after immersion in a virtual environment. This sickness is primarily caused because of the conflicts between threeRead MoreThe Eternal Effects of Cyber Bullying1196 Words   |  5 Pagesfor lunch money, candy or other intimidation factors by pint size tormentors. 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Revenue Outstanding Measured as the Weeks Billing Outstanding Free Essays

MEASURING OUTSTANDING REVENUE AS WEEKS BILLING OUTSTANDING By SACHIN GHOGLE Introduction Financial management focuses in finding the value in accounts receivable by emphasizing on improving the collections process and hence accelerating the cash flow. ‘Revenue Outstanding’ is the amount due from the customer as a result of an organisation’s normal business operation, that is, it is the amount that has been billed by organisations and is due, but which has not been collected. The management of ‘Revenue Outstanding’ is an important source of cash and hence an important parameter that the management should measure. We will write a custom essay sample on Revenue Outstanding Measured as the Weeks Billing Outstanding or any similar topic only for you Order Now The estimation of time to recoup the revenue outstanding is important to determine the profit of any organisation. Most prefer to receive payment immediately rather than to wait for it, especially because sometimes payment is never made in the latter scenario. There is no one general technique to estimate the time to recoup the revenue that can be adopted by all the organisations. It varies from organisation to organisation depending on the nature of business and the needs and strategies of the management. Although there is no certainty of receiving payments from all the customers, organisations use various methods to calculate the revenue outstanding or the payment that will be recovered later at a any particular point of time. The Weeks Billing Outstanding (WBO) measure calculates the revenue outstanding based on the total number of week’s billings required to recoup current Revenue Outstanding. The WBO is an important financial parameter, which shows the age in weeks, in an organization’s accounts receivable and is defined in terms of the average time taken to convert the outstanding revenue into cash. The WBO measure helps the management to measure the effectiveness of collection activities and alert the management with problem accounts. If the WBO is low, then less time is spent to collect outstanding revenue. By quickly converting the billings into cash, the organisation can reinvest this cash and convert it into profits. 1 The WBO Measure A payer is responsible to pay for the services used. The total outstanding revenue of a payer is the sum of invoiced amount minus the cash received against some of the invoices minus the unallocated cash/ payments received as advance or prepayment from the payer. Some organisations report the outstanding revenue as being outstanding from the date of the invoice as opposed to the ‘due date’ of the payment. The Weeks Billing Outstanding is the total number of days billings corresponding to the payer required to recoup the current outstanding revenue for the payer divided by number of days in a week. WBO = DBO/7 This WBO is calculated for an individual payer level whereas the management needs the overall WBO for a single business unit or a particular territory. There are three methods to calculate the overall WBO for a single business unit. The overall WBO (Method 1) for a single business unit or a particular territory can then be calculated as the average of the WBO for all the payers within the corresponding business unit or territory. The overall WBO (Method 2) for a single business unit can be more accurately calculated from the business perspective by considering the weighted average of the individual WBO over an important business parameter (for example, the accumulated revenue over the past one year). These two methods can showcase the weak link or the strong link affecting the outstanding revenue. After identifying the weak link, the management can focus on the weak payers to reduce their outstanding revenue and to improve the overall cash flow within the system. The overall WBO (Method 3) can be calculated as the total number of days billings (cumulative for all the payers within the business unit) required to recoup the current total outstanding revenue for the business unit (cumulative for all the payers). Though this method cannot point the weak link, it is more accurate. 2 How to use WBO Measure Reference Date: 01 March 2008 Listed below are the aggregated Invoice figures for a Payer P1 Invoiced Amount $80,000 Cash Received $20,000 Open Amount $60,000 Unallocated Cash / Payments $15,000 Outstanding Revenue $45,000 Open Amount = Invoiced Amount – Cash Received Outstanding Revenue = Open Amount – Unallocated Cash / Payments Received US $45000 is the Outstanding Revenue from a Payer P1 Listed below is the Billing Details against Payer P1 Billing Date 1-Mar-2008 29-Feb-2008 28-Feb-2008 27-Feb-2008 26-Feb-2008 25-Feb-2008 24-Feb-2008 23-Feb-2008 22-Feb-2008 21-Feb-2008 20-Feb-2008 19-Feb-2008 18-Feb-2008 17-Feb-2008 16-Feb-2008 15-Feb-2008 14-Feb-2008 13-Feb-2008 Billing Amount $0 $0 $0 $1,000 $500 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,000 $0 $0 $0 $2,000 Cumulative Billing Amount $0 $0 $0 $10,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $55,000 DAYNUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 This chart shows that a Billing of amount $55,000 against a Payer P1 which is greater that the outstanding revenue $45,000 from a payer P1is achieved after 18 days of billing counted from March 1, 2008. Thus the days billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue is 18 days. 3 Hence the week s billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue will be calculated as follows: WBO = DBO / 7 = 18 / 7 = 2. 57 Similarly, the WBO for each payer can be calculated. Consider the calculated WBO figures for n Payers to be as follows: Payer P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 †¦ †¦ Pn WBO 4 2 15. 5 1. 5 1 0. 5 And the Management is interested in the Overall WBO measure for a business unit or a territory. Method 1 Overall WBO can be calculated as the average of the WBO’s of all the payers within the particular Business unit or territory. The overall WBO hence will be ? 1-N WBO ————N N = Total number of Payers The Overall WBO = (4 + 2 + 15. 5 + 1. 5 + 1 + 0. 5)/6 = 4. 09 The Overall WBO is 4. 9 even though the WBO for Payer P3 is 15. 5 4 Method 2 Now let us consider the following chart. Payer P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 †¦ †¦ Pn WBO 4. 5 2 15. 5 3. 5 1 0. 5 Accumulated revenue over the past 1 year ( In Millions) 0. 5 1 50 5 2 0. 2 ? 1-n (WBO X Acc. Rev) . 25 2 775 17. 5 2 0. 1 x The considerations of a business parameter, here the Accumulated Revenue over the past one year for each of these payers will alter the view in which the WBO is to be measured from a management perspective. The management weighs payer P3 about 15 times more than payer P5 as the revenue accumulated from payer P3 is approximately 15 times more than that from payer P1. As the WBO for Payer P3 is high compared to the Overall WBO calculated in Method 1, the alternative to improve the calculation is to use a Weighted average of the WBO as opposed to the normal average. As per the new formula Overall WBO = ? 1-n (WBO X Acc. Rev) ——————————-? 1-n (Acc. Rev) Overall WBO = ( 2. 25 + 2 + 775 + 17. 5 + 2 + 0. 1) ——————————————-(0. 5 + 1 + 50 + 5 + 5 + 2 + 0. 2 ) = 798. 85 / 58. 7 = 13. 61 The new Overall WBO is now closer to the WBO of the Payer P3 who is a major payer for the organization. 5 Method 3 Listed below are the aggregated Invoice figures for a single business unit Invoiced Amount $1. 50 Cash Received $0. 80 Open Amount $0. 70 Unallocated Cash / Payments $0. 20 Outstanding Revenue $0. 50 $0. 5 million is the overall outstanding revenue for the business unit Listed below is the overall Billing Details for the business unit Billing Date -Mar-2008 29-Feb-2008 28-Feb-2008 27-Feb-2008 26-Feb-2008 25-Feb-2008 24-Feb-2008 23-Feb-2008 22-Feb-2008 21-Feb-2008 20-Feb-2008 19-Feb-2008 18-Feb-2008 17-Feb-2008 16-Feb-2008 15-Feb-2008 14-Feb-2008 13-Feb-2008 12-Feb-2008 11-Feb-2008 Billing Amount $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 10 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 07 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 00 $0. 80 $0. 00 $0. 02 $0. 00 $0. 10 Cumulative Billing Amount $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 00 $0. 05 $0. 15 $0. 15 $0. 15 $0. 15 $0. 22 $0. 22 $0. 27 $0. 27 $0. 27 $0. 32 $0. 32 $0. 40 $0. 40 $0. 42 $0. 42 $0. 52 DAYNUM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 These charts show that a Billing of amount $0. 2 million which is greater that the outstanding revenue $0. 5 million is achieved after 20 days of billing counted from March 1, 2008. Thus the days billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue is 20 days. Hence the weeks billing outstanding that will be required to recoup the outstanding revenue will be calculated as follows WBO = DBO / 7 = 20 / 7 = 2. 86 6 Based on the pros and cons of the various methods, every organization would select a method to measure its Weeks Billing Outstanding, which wil l form the baseline for their reporting. Then the management has to devise appropriate procedures to gather the required data to implement the selected method. 7 How to cite Revenue Outstanding Measured as the Weeks Billing Outstanding, Papers

Timeline for Music Appreciation free essay sample

Genres: Gregorian Chant, Secular music, Church Music Time period: Church was the center of the musical scene at this time period, most music at the beginning was just vocal and sacred because instruments were not allowed in church at this point in time. As time progressed secular music began to pick up because people wanted to be able to have music outside of church and generally wanted something with a strong steady beat that they could dance to. Gregorian Chant was also developed at this time and was the official music of the roman catholic church, music set to sacred Latin texts, and had a very flexible rhythm. Important events: Black death (1347-52), Rome was sacked by vandals, Beowulf was written, and the first crusades. Composer: Hildegard Von Bingen. Song- O Successors (Gregorian Chant) Renaissance (1450-1600) Genres: Choral music, Motet, and the Mass. Time Period: Many more instruments were introduced during this time period and added a new layer to the music of this period instead of being just vocal music or church music. We will write a custom essay sample on Timeline for Music Appreciation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rhythm of music in this period flowed gently rather than having a sharply defined beat, the melodic lines had greater rhythm independence, and the melody usually moves along a scale with few large leaps. Important events: This time period is most known as the rebirth of human creativity with the intellectual movement being the focus. The belief that people are capable of creating good and beautiful works also known as humanism, this made it a status symbol to be educated because the more that you know the more money that your family had. Composer: Josquin. Song- Ave Maria (Motif) The Baroque Period (1600-1750) Genres: Opera, Orchestra, the Fugue Time period: At this time in history people were living very flamboyant life styles and that really showed in the complexity of the music along with the  decorations and stage work. As for the music it had one mood throughout the entire piece the rhythm patterns are repeated throughout the song, the opening melody will also be heard again and again throughout the song, and the volumes are consistent with sharp changes. Important event: This was a very important time for science and people like Galileo made it so people would no longer just accept what people told them but they would begin to conduct experiments to prove things. Composer: George Frideric Handel. Song- Messiah (Oratorio)

A/B Testing Your Content Strategy Why and How to Do It

As a marketer, you’re probably familiar with the idea of using A/B testing to boost the conversion rate of a landing page or email blast. But A/B testing can also help you optimize your content. While there are plenty of content â€Å"best practices† around, the only way to truly know what headline or layout performs best is by testing it. We’ve put together a list of the key content elements you should be testing, as well as a few tools to help you along the way. Key Elements to Test So, what elements of your content should you be A/B testing? Here are some of the top choices: 1. Headlines: Your headlines are arguably the most important element to test and optimize – they’re the first thing readers see and they need to be compelling enough to entice readers to click through to the article or blog post. Viral-content sites like Upworthy are known to test up to 25 headlines per content item before settling on a winner. While it might be overkill to test that many contenders for each piece of content, it’s good to brainstorm at least five possible headlines before narrowing down the two best options. You can then A/B test those two headlines to see which one gets the most clicks. No matter how good your content is, if the headline doesn’t persuade people to click it, then you won’t achieve your marketing goals. 2. Images: Images can play nearly as large a role as headlines in determining the success of your content – they make your content more visually appealing and provide context. If you’re not currently including images alongside your content, this is a good opportunity to test how images impact effectiveness. 3. Content length: Even the length of your content can impact its performance. Research shows that the ideal blog post takes around 7 minutes to read – that amounts to about 1600 words. While this metric provides a good rule of thumb, it’s best to test different lengths to see what your audience responds to most positively. The concept of A/B testing length doesn’t just apply to written content – you can experiment with different lengths for video as well. 4. Calls-to-action: If your content doesn’t give readers a clear idea of what they’re supposed to do next, it’s not working hard enough for you. Calls-to-action (CTAs) in content marketing are a bit different than CTAs on a typical landing page. You’re usually not overtly selling anything. Instead, your CTA is likely to ask readers to: subscribe to an email list read more articles like or share your content on social media contact your team A/B testing can help you determine which CTAs are most effective at getting your reader to the next step of your marketing funnel. What you’re looking to test here are different action verbs and lengths of CTA, both of which can make a dramatic difference to how your readers respond. Now that you know which content elements to focus on in your testing, you’ll need to figure out what tools you’ll use to perform the testing. Some of the biggest players in this category include: Optimizely Visual Website Optimizer Convert Experiences All of these tools aim to make it easy to make website changes while accurately measuring the results of each change. If you’re not ready for an enterprise-level solution, you may want to try using Google Analytics to run A/B tests. And there are also a number of WordPress plugins that can do the job, including Simple Page Tester and Nelio. A/B Testing for Better Content Marketing There’s no doubt that the biggest driver of your content marketing campaigns will be well-researched, well-written and relevant content. But testing your content’s ancillaries can have a big impact on the overall success of each piece. If your content marketing campaigns haven’t been getting the results you want, A/B testing may be the solution. Try running some A/B tests on different elements of your content, and you may be surprised by the results. Then, you can double down on the elements that have proven to provide the best results for your target audience.

Free Essays on Laura Bush

Laura: America’s First Lady, First Mother Antonia Felix Though she was shy and reserved at first, everything changed on September 11, 2001, when the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were crushed by terrorist attacks. In the aftermath, Laura rose to the occasion, providing comfort and reassurance amidst what is perhaps the worst crisis we’ve ever faced-and she has since become a beacon of hope and strength to the nation. Laura, by noted biographer Antonia Felix, is the first profile of this remarkable woman. The author has conducted dozens of interviews-including with Jenna Welch, Laura’s mother-and has produced an insightful, compelling work that finally informs us of the major events in Laura Bush’s life, bringing us closer to discovering what she is really like. In clear, crisp prose, the author tells of Laura’s fascinating journey from her happy childhood in Midland, Texas through her courtship and marriage to dashing National Guard pilot George W., her years as a schoolteacher and librarian, her pass ion for literacy, and her role as mother to twin girls, Barbara and Jenna. At once probing and revealing, Laura shows why Laura Bush is the right First Lady for these uncertain times-helping Americans reassess our priorities after our tragic loss and urging us to hug our children. This important biography will serve as a lasting tribute to a special woman for years to come. Laura Bush grew up in Midland, Texas with her father and mother, and led a content life as their only child. She dreamed of being a teacher, a traditional career for the females of her generation. Laura was raised in a strong home where religion, good ethics, and a strong morale played important roles in her upbringing. The combination of her parent’s influences, growing up in a traditional American culture, and eventually becoming the daughter-in-law to the President of the United States, prepared her well to become the fo... Free Essays on Laura Bush Free Essays on Laura Bush Laura: America’s First Lady, First Mother Antonia Felix Though she was shy and reserved at first, everything changed on September 11, 2001, when the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were crushed by terrorist attacks. In the aftermath, Laura rose to the occasion, providing comfort and reassurance amidst what is perhaps the worst crisis we’ve ever faced-and she has since become a beacon of hope and strength to the nation. Laura, by noted biographer Antonia Felix, is the first profile of this remarkable woman. The author has conducted dozens of interviews-including with Jenna Welch, Laura’s mother-and has produced an insightful, compelling work that finally informs us of the major events in Laura Bush’s life, bringing us closer to discovering what she is really like. In clear, crisp prose, the author tells of Laura’s fascinating journey from her happy childhood in Midland, Texas through her courtship and marriage to dashing National Guard pilot George W., her years as a schoolteacher and librarian, her pass ion for literacy, and her role as mother to twin girls, Barbara and Jenna. At once probing and revealing, Laura shows why Laura Bush is the right First Lady for these uncertain times-helping Americans reassess our priorities after our tragic loss and urging us to hug our children. This important biography will serve as a lasting tribute to a special woman for years to come. Laura Bush grew up in Midland, Texas with her father and mother, and led a content life as their only child. She dreamed of being a teacher, a traditional career for the females of her generation. Laura was raised in a strong home where religion, good ethics, and a strong morale played important roles in her upbringing. The combination of her parent’s influences, growing up in a traditional American culture, and eventually becoming the daughter-in-law to the President of the United States, prepared her well to become the fo...

Primary sources analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Primary sources analysis - Essay Example The pamphlet starts with Paine describing the difference between government and society, in which he criticizes the government for creating distinctions in society and in people and enforcing laws on the freedom of people (â€Å"Paine†). He claims that a society is formed because of the people’s needs which are interdependent on other people of society and these necessitate their interaction (â€Å"Paine†). However, a government is just needed when people do not behave morally and loses their conscience i.e. when they need someone to regulate and govern them (â€Å"Paine†). In just his description of government Paine shows his utter dislike of this regulatory body which makes laws to govern not just the issues concerning a society, but also the lives of people, snatching their freedom from them (â€Å"Paine†). It is here that Paine gives his idea of how the government should be like and the Act of Confederation to be replaced by the Act of Constitut ion. Paine brings the attention of people towards the failures of the constitution of United Kingdom, which is ruled by monarchial and aristocratic tyranny (â€Å"Paine†). ... This system of English constitution gives power to those who contribute nothing for the people, and takes away the power from the commons (ordinary people) who only can make a difference to the society (â€Å"Paine†). Paine’s argument touches one’s soul because these are questions in every one’s minds, only no one is daring enough to ask them. Plain openly states this mixed society a ridiculous form where Congress makes laws and monarch executes them, that is, the final power is always with the monarch (â€Å"Paine†). He argues that humans are equals as taught to us in our religions as well, then how can any parliament have more powers then an ordinary common (â€Å"Paine†). Paine also raised some genuine facts which rendered British power even more invalid. He said that America was not in war with any other country, but British’s rivals have become American’s too which is the misuse of the state of America (â€Å"Paine†) . Referring to phenomena of religion, Paine brought the attention of people towards how God has created the world by leaving the nation of America and Britain far apart, meaning that God himself did not allow this injustice (â€Å"Paine†). British were exploiting the people of America by using their resources for its own benefits and taking away the opportunities of commerce which America excelled at (â€Å"Paine†). Paine’s arguments were direct and tangible and arouse emotions in people who were already tired and fed up by the unjust treatments imposed on them. They were already on the brink about independence and Common Sense served as their fuel to call out and fight for independence which was their right and only they could bring it by changing their destiny. Common sense was famous all the more because of the

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Essay - 1

Discuss critically the main successes and failures of Tony Blair's New Labour governments 1997-2007 - Essay Example He advocated for equal rights and equal opportunities for the citizens enhancing cohesion in the respective states. He was recognized for his work by different politicians for instance Margaret Thatcher the first Prime Minister referred to him as a great inventor for the great impact he had made in the labour party. He brought out his issues in controversial basis. History recognizes him as the most radical and boldest leader in British politics. The essay discusses in details the main successes and failures of Tony Blair. Primarily Tony Blair achievements are evident especially in the Labour Party. He fought for the rights of the citizens especially on the basis of income and their working conditions. In the 1960s, the National Minimum wage was raised to ?5.52. This was because of the charismatic nature of Tony. He made sure that poverty levels reduced and the economic life sustained on prosperity basis. History recognizes him as a peacemaker for instance, he stopped the genocide th at was happening in Kosovo and also ended the violence that impacted negatively in Northern Ireland (Faucher & Le 2010, p. 10). His reforms brought a great impact in Britain. For instance, during his leadership as a prime minister the crime rates reduced by 32 per cent. In addition, the funding for the pupils in England doubled. Because of Tony Blair’s effort, Britain was modernized especially on the bases of economic development. During his leadership, economic growth was sustained for almost ten years. Different programmes came in to fund the economy of the country. All the expanding programmes were funded by the big corporation because of the stability of the government that was evident in the state. Taxes were distributed equally among the members of the community. Tony also facilitated the expansion of the public sector in comparison to the private sectors hence creating job opportunities in the government institutions. Different politicians came in to support the boomin g economy of Britain especially in the area of schools, public safety and hospitals. He embraced Margaret Thatcher’s idea of free market policies to enhance the development of the economy (Davis 2013, p. 26). He is also recognized for being able to keep peace especially in Northern Ireland. He advocated for a strong Europe economy. This is because he knew that, the economy was important to enhance the growth of the country. His introduction of the red tape procedures enhanced the administration of the economic sector. In 1999, he staged out a strategy on the international community doctrine, which happened in Chicago. In his strategy, Tony advocated for the development of the economy. He gave emphases on the development of public policies. Public policies were based on health care (Gauld 2009, p. 26). He advocated for the development of the society specifically on the economic bases. Different corporations supported the growth of the economy by investing directly to the econo my. Through the leadership of Tony, funds were allocated for the development of the economy. Because of his charismatic nature, they the funds were allocated in different projects for instance in the building of schools. The labour party under the leadership of Tony has had different achievements in different sectors of the economy. During his leadership the economy of the country improved by the sustaining low inflation on the part of the government (Page 2007, p. 120).

Network Security Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Network Security Questions - Assignment Example Botnets mainly send harmful mails in form of spam campaign messages to the target points of the attackers. The botnet can therefore spread as viruses, Trojans or worms through emails and websites. The objectives of botnet attack are to enable the attackers spy on the victims and gain access to sensitive information such as financial statements. They steal the victims’ credentials and hijack banking information, ultimately leading to stealing of money. Their transactions run concurrently with those of their victims. The attackers can also use botnet to access the system source codes. Botnet attackers can use their victims’ computers and resources for sending malicious spam. These can then spy other victim’s and execute denial of service command against them. The victims spend a lot of money as well as time to recover from the consequences. Worse still, botnet attacks can land victims into legal challenges. It is not easy for the victim to realize from the onset that the sender of the malware is in fact a fellow victim. In that case, the end victim may take sue the supposed attackers. On the other hand, Proxy firewalls are intermediate barriers that accept every traffic instructions moving into a network. It achieves this through impersonation of the actual receiving point of the traffic in the network. From the results of inspection, it grants or denies access and the proxy firewall relays feedback to the destination. After the destination replies, proxy firewall ends the connection. Only one of the two computers remains connected to the global network. ACLS are not capable of reading past packet headers. This gives only basic details concerning the network. In this regard, ACLs packet filtering is not sufficient in itself to eliminate network threats. Proxy firewall demands that every application require a separate proxy at the level of each application. Proxy firewall network suffer

Rowntree and Townsends Theories on Poverty

Rowntree and Townsends Theories on Poverty Introduction Sociologists disagree over what poverty actually is. In this essay I aim to discuss and criticise Seebohm Rowntrees theory from 1899 -1950 then I will discuss and criticise, Peter Townsend’s theory. The next section will be to discuss and criticise, Mack and Lansleys theory, and the ideas of Herbert Spencer (social Darwinism) There will then be a discussion of regressive and progressive taxation and an explanation of Marslands theory. Finally I will explain and criticise, John Wetergaard and Henrietta Resler’s arguement that there is a myth surrounding the welfare state. This myth is that the welfare state is progressive and redistributes from the rich to the poor. Poverty and Seebohm Rowntree In the time of Queen Elizabeth the first it was people’s duty to help alleviate poverty. They did this by feeding the poor and visiting the sick and trying to ensure that people were not destitute. After the Reformation things changed and laws were passed to regulate the amount that was spent on the poor. In 1601 the Elizabethan Poor Law was passed and made provision for â€Å"the setting of the poor on work†[1] The Poor Law also said that the poor were responsible for caring for each other. Overseers were appointed in every area to decide how much poor relief would be needed. In the amended Poor Law of 1834 overseers knew the circumstances of the poor in their are and those who were considered lazy would not get much help. These amendments to the Poor Law gave those in power a greater degree of control over the lives of the poor. In the 1860s, Joseph Rowntree, Seebohm Rowtree’s father conducted two studies into poverty.[2] This led Seebohm Rowntree to later conduct his own study which was published in 1901. He made an early distinction between primary and secondary poverty – a distinction which sociologists still use today. Primary poverty meant that a family did not have enough money coming in to cover the basic necessities of food, shelter and clothing. Secondary poverty was where families earned enough but spent their money on things other than the basic necessities. So some spending was regarded as alright while other spending was seen as wasting money, on drink for example. He believed that wages should be increased because then people would be well fed and healthy and would be an efficient workforce. He raised the wages of workers at his own company and said that businesses who refused to do this should be closed down as they were doing the country no favours. His second study which he car ried out in the 1930s was published as â€Å"Progress and Poverty in 1941.† He argued in this study that the main cause of poverty was unemployment, the conclusions of his report influenced the founding of the welfare state. Although Seebohm Rowntree did a lot to further the cause of the poor and to point out the causes of poverty. His remarks about primary and secondary poverty, while still influential today, were typical of those in power. That is to say they carried the message that the poor were irresponsible and needed to be told how to spend the money that they had earned. Peter Townsend – Poverty as a Social Problem Townsend (1979) has defined poverty in the following way: Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diets, participate in the activities and have the living conditions which are customary, or at least widely encouraged and approved, in the societies to which they belong. Townsend(1979:31). Townsend’s work makes it quite clear that poverty is not just a lack of money but encompasses things other than strictly material needs. Those who are poor often live in poorer areas with badly performing schools and poor housing. This often results in ill health. Townsend said that there were two types of poverty, relative poverty and absolute poverty. Research undertaken for the Rowntree Foundation (Howarth et al,1999) found that in local authority housing more than two thirds of the heads of those households were not in paid work and since 1991 there has been an increase of 40% in the number of local authority areas with above average mortality rates. Absolute poverty is not really seen in the west. In underdeveloped countries people are often denied thenecessities e.g. food and shelter which maintain existence. Giddens (2001:311) argues that the idea of absolute poverty is grounded in ‘subsistence’. Anyone without sufficient food, shelter and clothing could be said to be living in absolute poverty. One of the ways in which absolute poverty is measured is by the poverty line which is based on the price of goods in a given society that humans need for survival. Those who cannot afford these goods live in poverty. Not everyone agrees with this and the idea of absolute poverty is highly contested because the use of a single criterion fails to take into account the differences between societies. Needs are not the same in all societies, or even in the same society, nutritional needs are different for people working in different jobs, a labourer for example may need more calories than a bank clerk. Drewnowski and Scott (1966)[3] argue that absolute poverty should also include a lack of cultural needs. This is often argued over because a fixed standard on such needs is bound to fail. These people are more interested in relative poverty. Relative poverty looks at peoples incomes and compares them to a national average. Relative poverty means that people are living in poverty when their life is compared to those of the average family this is because lack of income also means poorer housing. People who live in relative poverty usually live in deprived areas also. Since 1979 increased unemployment and a rise in benefit payments and earnings that are index linked to prices rather than wages, has resulted in a huge rise in the number of people living in relative poverty.[4] In a report inThe British Medical Journal (2000) the writer looked at absolute and relative child poverty in developed countries where some peoples incomes were more than fifty percent lower than the average. It also said that in the league table of relative child poverty one of the four bottom places was held by the UK. An article in the Daily Telegraph (27/08/02) says that the idea of relative poverty is a problem. The article suggests that instead of using household income as the regulator it might be better if statisticians calculated the prices of basic goods and services. Under the present system the rich were becoming richer and the poor were paying for it in increased taxes and a lack of services. Another approach to measuring relative poverty is through people’s perceptions of the necessities of life which is what Mack and Lansley did. Mack and Lansley The work of Mack and Lansley (1985, 1992) listed those things that were considered to be necessary to modern day life if a person was not living in poverty. They did two studies on relative poverty in the UK. Mack and Lansley carried out an opinion poll to find out what people thought were the necessities of modern day life. There were twenty six things that most people considered important these things included new clothes, heating, a bath and indoor toilet. Relative poverty was thus measured by the presence or absence of the things that had been listed. Mack and Lansley’s research found that the number of people living in poverty in the 1980s went up quite a bit, this poverty was defined by the lack of three or more of the basic necessities mentioned earlier. Between 1983 and 1990 when the two studies were undertaken the number of people who were living in poverty went up from 7.5 million to 11 million and the number of those living in severe poverty or who were lacking more than 7 of the items that were considered essential, went up from 2.6 to 3.5 million (Mack and Lansley, 1992). Poverty is also defined by how far people can afford to participate in social activities such as school trips. In recent years this has been called social exclusion. Social exclusion does not look at poverty just in terms of a lack of material things. It looks at the wider picture and this includes wheter people are able to participate in society. There are no clear ways of measuring poverty. Absolute and relative poverty are both complex and ways of measuring what it is to be poor, and not everyone agrees on them. Policy makers say what poverty is and then make laws for it but few of them experience what it is to be poor. A report published by the Rowntree foundation says that what the poor have to say needs to be taken into consideration in research on poverty. Taking into account the opinions of those who actually lived in poverty would provide useful information for existing organisations that might help shape policy making in the long term.[5] In all this there is a feeling that the poor are somehow to blame for the circumstances in which they find themselves. A point which Herbert Spencer writing in the nineteenth century would have agreed with. As far as Spencer was concerned people lived in poverty as a result of dissolute living. He had no sympathy at all for the poor and regarded many of them as criminals and drunks. He believed it was unnatural to help people who lived in poverty as a result of their own behaviour and irresponsibility. If people were too lazy to work then they should not be allowed to eat. He believed that the cause of poverty could be found by an examination of the moral character of an individual. The Poor Laws were wrong because they encouraged the poor to be lazy and to rely on somebody else’s hard work to provide them with the necessities of life. This allowed moral decline to spread through the population. The result would be that both society and the economy would suffer. Late nineteenth and early twentieth century thought was heavily influence by Darwins work â€Å" The Origins of the Species† and Spencer was no exception. He believed in Darwin’s idea of the survival of the fittest. Society could only evolve properly and morally if the honest and hard working members of society were allowed to keep the fruits of their labour. The week and lazy members of society should be condemned to live in poverty because that was what they deserved. Falling into poverty was a necessary evil in society because without poverty work would not exist. Although this may seem repugnant to a lot of people Spencer’s ideas are still rife in modern society. Peter Golding (1978) has said that media reporting of poverty in the nineteen seventies portrayed the poor as welfare scroungers living off the backs of others. The press portrayed people as having a comfortable existence living off social security at the expense of tax payers. The New Right The Conservative Government headed by Margaret Thatcher were voted into power in 1979. Political debates of the time were concerned with a free market economy versus the welfare state. The tory government brought in measures to roll back the welfare state and control spending. This was done through the introduction of marketing and business strategies into policy making. At the same time there was an intense process of privatization because it was thought that public ownership of companies, and the public sector worked against market forces. Introducing marketing principles into social care allowed the Governments to in theory improve services. It also enabled them to retain a greater degree of control. Giddens (2001) says that: †¦the momentum of Thatcherism in economic matters was maintained by the privatising of public companies†¦..(this)..is held to reintroduce healthy economic competition in place of unwieldy and ineffective public bureaucracies, reduce public expenditure and end political interference in managerial decisions (Giddens, 2001:434). The introduction of market forces into social care was considered the best method of Government spending because free markets were considered to be self organising (Olssen 2000).They thought this would increase productivity and improve care and be cost efficient. Government discourses, both Conservative and New Labour have revolved around the notion that the introduction of market mechanisms would result in a more equitable system benefiting all. However, Alcock (1994) says that the Conservative policies resulted in greater unemployment, a rise in the number of homeless people, and a general growth in social inequality. Marsland (1996) disagrees and says that in Britain poverty has been exaggerated. David Marsland Marsland says that the Rowntree foundation deliberately confuse poverty with inequality and that they exaggerate the amount of poverty in Britain. He says that who say poverty is increasing act out of their own self interest because the evidence is not examined impartially. He does not believe in relative poverty but says that in order to truly be poverty it has to be absolute and this is disappearing from Britain because of the increase in living standards that has come about through capitalism. He is also critical o universal welfare provision i.e. those benefits such as education which are available to everyone regardless of their income as he believes they create a dependency culture. Marsland (1989) believes that relying on the government to take care of the people results in an abdication of personal responsibility and welfare hand outs are just another reason for remaining unemployed. Jordan (1989) says that Marsland is wrong in what he says about universal welfare provision creating a dependency culture and that if such a culture exists it is targeted with means tested benefits that only the very poor get. Rather than poverty being the result of an over generous welfare system, Jordan says that it comes from one that is too mean. Westergaard and Resler (1976) argue that the welfare state does not make the distribution of wealth more equal. Poverty is not being eradicated. Any money or benefits that the working class receive will eventually be paid back in tax by themselves. They believe that the welfare state is simply another tool of capitalism and poverty exists because of that system which prevents poor people from obtaining the resources to stop being poor. In Westergaard’s view the policies of the eighties and nineties and the hold that market forces had over Britain meant that even the aim of redistributing wealth through the welfare state had been abandoned. Kincaid says that it is not just a matter of rich and poor it is the fact that some people are very rich while some are very poor. Poverty therefore is a result of the capitalist system. However, such theories do not really explain why some people become poor nor do they differentiate between poor working class and other members of that clas s. So we have plenty of theories but no real solutions. Conclusion This essay has looked at different theories of poverty. Seebohm Rowntree in the nineteenth century who wanted to improve the lives of the poor and believed that increased wages would change things. Herbert Spencer on the other hand believed the opposite. He thought it was wrong to help the poor and believed that if people were hard working and honest then they should keep all of the money they had earned. Some people were born to be richer than others, it was the survival of the fittest. Peter Townsend distinguished between absolute and relative poverty but relative poverty is not easy to define and is still being contested. Even Macky and Llansley’s work on relative poverty does not solve the problem. New Right approaches have contributed to the problems of poverty but Marxist criticisms do not provide answers as to who the poor really are or how they became that way. Clearly this is not an easy question. Howver, if we look back at the definitions of absolute poverty then we can say that this type of poverty does not really exist in Britain today. Bibliography Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Haralambos, M and Heald, R. 1985 Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, Bell and Hyman. Howarth,C. et al 1999 Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion. York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation. http://www.rte.ie/news/2003/1210/poverty.html Mack, J. and Lansley, S. 1985. Poor Britain. London, George Allen and Unwin. Mack, J. and Lansley, S. 1992. Breadline Britain 1990s The Findings of the Television Series. London, London Weekend Television. Nickell, S. RES conference paper April 2003 Poverty and Worklessness in Britain http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0579.pdf O’Neale Roache, J. 2000. â€Å"One in Six Children Live in Relative Poverty.† BMJ 2000;320:1626 ( 17 June ). The Daily Telegraph 27th August 2002 Townsend, P. 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth, Penguin. Giddens, A. 2001. (4th ed). Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Haralambos, M and Heald, R. 1985 Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. London, Bell and Hyman. Howarth,C. et al 1999 Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion. York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation. http://www.rte.ie/news/2003/1210/poverty.html Mack, J. and Lansley,S. 1985. Poor Britain. London, George Allen and Unwin. Mack, J. and Lansley,S. 1992. Breadline Britain 1990s The Findings of the Television Series. London, London Weekend Television. Nickell, S. RES conference paper April 2003 Poverty and Worklessness in Britain http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0579.pdf Olssen, M. 2000 â€Å"Ethical liberalism, education and the New Right† Journal of Educational Policy Vol 15No. 5 2000 pps 481-508 O’Neale Roache, J. 2000. â€Å"One in Six Children Live in Relative Poverty.† BMJ 2000;320:1626 ( 17 June ). The Daily Telegraph 27th August 2002 Townsend, P. 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom. Harmondsworth, Penguin. Sociological Review 1 [1] http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/elizpl.html [2] http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RErowntreeS.htm [3] Cited in Holborn and Langley 2002 [4] http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0579.pdf Nickell, S. RES conference paper April 2003 [5] From input to influence: Participatory approaches to research and inquiry into poverty by Fran Bennett with Moraene Roberts, published by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation

Susan Glaspells Trifles Essay -- Susan Glaspell Trifles Essays

Susan Glaspell's Trifles Susan Glaspell's Trifles explores the classical male stereotype of women by declaring that women frequently worry about matters of little, or no importance. This stereotype makes the assumption that only males are concerned with important issues, issues that females would never discuss or confront. The characters spend the entirety of the play searching for clues to solve a murder case. Ironically, the female characters, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, uncover crucial evidence and solve the murder case, not the male characters. The men in the play, the Sheriff, County Attorney, and Hale, search the scene of the crime for evidence on their own, and mock the women's discussions. The women's interest in the quilt, broken bird cage door, and dead canary, all of which are assumed to be unimportant or trifling objects, is what consequentially leads to their solving of the crime. The women are able to discover who the killer is by paying attention to detail, and prove that the items which the me n consider insignificant are important after all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the start of the play, all of the characters enter the abandoned farmhouse of John Wright, who was recently hanged by an unknown killer. The Sheriff and County Attorney start scanning the house for clues as to who killed Mr. Wright, but make a major error when they search the kitchen poorly, claiming that there is nothing there ?but kitchen things.? This illustrates the men?s incorrect belief that a kitchen is a place of trivial matters, a place where nothing of any importance may be found. Mrs. Peters then notices that Mrs. Wright?s fruit froze in the cold weather, and the men mock her and reveal their stereotype of females by saying ?women are used to worrying over trifles.? The men then venture to the upstairs of the house to look for clues, while the women remain downstairs in the kitchen where they discuss the frozen fruit and the Wrights. Mrs. Hale explains that Mrs. Wright, whose maiden name was Minnie Foster, used to be a lively woman who sang in the ch oir. She suggests that the reason Mrs. Wright stopped being cheerful and active because of her irritable husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The women discover their first clue when they find a quilt that Mrs. Wright was sewing. The men make disparaging comments when they are questioning whether or not Mrs. Wright was going to ?quilt it or just knot it... ...ngly asks the women once again whether Mrs. Wright was going to ?quilt it or knot it.? Mrs. Hale replies that she was going to "knot it," which can symbolically represent how Mrs. Wright knotted the rope around her husband?s neck and murdered him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In their discussion of supposedly unimportant items, such as the ill-stitched quilt, broken bird cage door, and dead canary, the women are able to collect important evidence and know enough information about Mrs. Wright to give her a motive for murdering her husband. The men, though, are clueless as to who killed Mr. Wright and why, even after they thoroughly search the house for clues. They believe that they possess superior intelligence and knowledge of the world in comparison to women, but cannot find enough evidence to convict Mrs. Wright. Even if the men did uncover the same clues as the women, it is highly unlikely that they would understand how that would make for a motive for Mrs. Wright, as they simply cannot relate to her as a female. Glaspell's Trifles shows how women reveal basic truths about life by paying close attention to detail, and shows the true importance of the things which men generally find to be trivial.

Bond/writing paper Essay

Bond/writing paper Characterized by its weight, thickness, surface texture and grades, bond paper is a strong and durable paper. It has a basic size of 17 inches by 22 inches and a basis weight of 13 to 25 pounds. Erase capability, good absorption and rigidity also characterized it. (Bear, About. com) The basis weight can be defined as the weight of a 500 sheets or a ream of a paper measured in pounds that are cut to a standard. (Bear, About. com and International Paper Company) As mentioned in the first part, 17 inches by 22 inches is the basic size for bond paper. This is classified as 24 pound-bond and was determined since this one ream of bond is cut to its basic size but if it weighs 24 pounds. The same thing goes to a ream of bond cut also to its basic size but weighs 30 pounds which is then called 30 pound-bond. (International Paper Company) The standard size identified for bond papers does not necessarily mean the same for all the grades of paper. The standard size of a paper grade of bond will determine the basis weight and the final size of the paper is not necessary needed in doing so. (Bear, About. com) The weight and thickness may have little effect on the quality of a printed image in the paper. (SimplyPhotoPaper. com) In fact, it may have no noticeable effect at all on the printing quality. However, thicker and heavier paper provide more substantial look to the printed materials and are good in holding ink coverage. (Bear, About. com) The classification of the types of pulp, the treatment used in the production of paper and the end use of the final paper product is what refers to us as paper grades. Common paper grades classified are bond, book, Bristol, cover, text, and newsprint. (Essence Printing Inc. ) These grades of a paper provide a level of brigthness or surface characteristics that are used on the other hand to determine the grade level of the finished paper. It is classified from the â€Å"Premium† which is the highest level to â€Å"5 as the lowest level. Some text and cover are classified as A or B grades. (International Paper Company) The surface characteristics of the paper of whether it is smooth, glossy or rough is what we refer as finish or surface texture. To gauge these characteristics of paper, we use the smoothness level measurement which vary in each kind of surface texture. This level is expected to be high when the surface of the paper is flat and even. Smoother surface will help the accumulation provide a sharper and higher quality image. (International Paper Company) These characteristics of a bond paper or writing paper affects its printability and quality. Printability is the ink receptivity, uniformity, smoothness, compressibility and opacity. (Georga-Pacific) Opacity refers to the percentage or the amount of light that can get or pass through the sheet of paper. (International Paper Knowledge Center) On the other hand, compressibiltiy is the decrease in the thickness under compressive forces or pressure which is relevant in letterpress printing and is measured as a ratio or roughness. (PaperOnWeb) Moreover, print quality is the standard set wherein the outcome and other properties of a print reach or is near the result we want. (Europapier International and Biltpaper. com) Paper surface texture such as roughness, gloss, ink absorption, whiteness and brightness affect the print quality. (Ballarpur Industries Limited and PaperOnWeb) Bibliography Bear, Jacci Howard. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . —. About. com. 2007. 11 October 2007 . Essence Printing Inc. 2006. 12 October 2007 Europapier International. 2007. 12 October 2007 Ballarpur Industries Limited. 2003. 12 October 2007 Georga-Pacific. 11 October 2007 . International Paper Company. 2007. 11 October 2007 . PaperOnWeb. April 2007. 11 October 2007 . SimplyPhotoPaper. com. 2005. 11 October 2007

1970s Reform Essays

1970s Reform Essays 1970s Reform Essay 1970s Reform Essay The 1970s birthed a series of social and political movements. The opposition to the War in Vietnam that began in the 1960s grew a lot during the early 1970s. One of the best-known anti-war demonstrations was the Kent State shootings. In which national guard soldiers fired upon rioting students at the university. This event caused mistrust and shock throughout the country and became an example of anti-Vietnam demonstrations. Environmentalism also grew big in the seventies on April 22 1970 the United States celebrated its first Earth Day in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools joined in. Feminism and Civil rights grew strong in the 70s, which both grew for the need of equality among everyone else in the United States. The Vietnam War was a war that lasted 20 years and ended in 1975 when Saigon fell, it was a war between communists and anti communists. United States President Richard Nixon resigned as President in 1974 while facing charges for impeachment for the Watergate scandal. Roe v. Wade is the historic Supreme Court decision overturning a Texas interpretation of abortion law and making abortion legal in the United States. In the 1970s there was a trial that led to be one of the most important trials in history, the Roe v. Wade decision held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without restriction, and with restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy. The decline of membership and influence of Mainline Protestant denominations continued in the 1970s. Conservatives charged that these groups had lost their fire, and consequently their membership, to more committed groups. Perhaps more people left the Mainline organizations for new modes of worship or because organized religion had lost its importance to them. The 1970s were perhaps the worst decade of most industrialized countries economic performance since the Great Depression. Although there was no severe economic depression as witnessed in the 1930s, economic growth rates were considerably lower than previous decades. As a result, the 1970s badly made itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1973. The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 due to the Arab oil embargo added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade. Economically, the 1970s were marked by the energy crisis which peaked in 1973 and 1979 . After the first oil shock in 1973, gasoline was rationed in many countries. Europe particularly depended on the Middle East for oil; the U. S. as also affected even though it had its own oil reserves. Many European countries introduced car-free days and weekends. In the U. S. , customers with a license plate ending in an odd number were only allowed to buy gasoline on odd-numbered days, while even-numbered plate-holders could only purchase gasoline on even-numbered days. The realization that oil reserves were not endless and technological development was not sustainable without potentially harming the environment ended the bel ief in limitless progress that had existed since the 19th century. As a result, ecological awareness rose substantially. This had a huge effect on the economy at that time. The birth of modern computing was in the 1970s, which saw the development of: the worlds first general microprocessor, the C programming language, basic personal computers, pocket calculators, the first supercomputer, consumer video games. The earliest floppy disks, invented at IBM, which were 8 inches in diameter, became commercially available in 1971.

Writing For Magazines

Writing For Magazines Writing For Magazines Writing For Magazines By Sharon Theres more to writing for magazines than getting your name into Cosmopolitan. Thousands of new magazines are launched every year and its a big market for freelance writers. In fact, its even bigger now that so many magazines have an online presence. So, how do you go about writing a magazine article that will sell? What Magazine Articles Do I admit, I didnt know this when I wrote my first magazine article, but most magazine articles do one of four things. They inform, adding to your knowledge about a subject. They help you to solve a problem. They persuade you about a particular viewpoint. They entertain you. Some articles do more than one of those things at the same time. How To Structure A Magazine Article When youre ready to write then you need to think about structure. With magazine articles, you can move beyond the inverted pyramid of news. Instead, you can build to an important point or scatter important points throughout the article. Tell A Story The key thing to remember is that youre telling a story to your readers. That means you need a beginning, a middle and an end. It also means you need to think about where youre taking your reader and create a logical path to that end point. Beginning Your Magazine Article The first thing you need to do is get people to read your article, so you need to find a way to grab them. When I interview people, I often start the resulting article with a quote or an anecdote from their life. However, you can also set the scene or use anything that will get attention. The Middle With most magazine articles, you talk to a person or people. People like reading about other people, so if your interviewee says something good, use a quote rather than reported speech. This makes your magazine article more interesting. Ending Your Magazine Article Finally, end with a bang. This could be an important point, a revelation, or another anecdote or quote. The idea is to satisfy your reader and to get that reader interested in your other writing. Extra Credit When you research an article, you often have information left over that didnt make it into the main piece. Dont get rid of this. Use it to create a sidebar or table (editors will love this), or as the starting point for another article. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:Loan, Lend, Loaned, Lent10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Contemporary Theories of Political Economy Essay - 1

Contemporary Theories of Political Economy - Essay Example He proceeds thus in virtue of his taxonomic approach to the characterisation of an essence which he inherits from his biology: a sentence characterising an essence of an entity of a particular kind standard has the form of a noun phrase indicating a genus modified by an adjectival phrase that expresses the differentiae, the properties that are peculiar to that kind. (Fukuyama, 82-113) The chrematistic art of acquisition, because it involves acquisition of objects not for their "proper and peculiar" properties, is, for Aristotle, "unnatural" for humans, and hence to be held in check. It needs to be held in check, however, because it is the normal developmental outcome of exchange. The essential nature of market exchange is revealed for Aristotle in its developed "unnatural" form (Frank, 213-268). In this final state the dispositional properties of markets are exhibited. The most significant of these for Aristotle is the particular moral character it tends to produce: Aristotle's political theory is by and large concerned with the tendency of different social and political institutions to issue in different virtues and vices. The market, where its development is unchecked, tends to issue not in the virtues constitutive of a flourishing human life, but in the vice of pleonexia, the disposition to want more than is proper. (Marx & Fowkes, 347-574) Distinctions and influences Aristotle's essentialism is a complex of claims that are logically independent of one another. One might accept his basic distinction between the essential and accidental properties of an object without accepting the further teleological specification of essences in terms of normal patterns of development. Indeed it is worth noting that the example of essentialist descriptions of copper I used in section A does not conform to the Aristotelian teleological model. Likewise one might accept essentialism in its basic form without accepting his particular taxonomic approach to the specification of essences. Again, it is possible to adopt an essentialist position in either its basic form or its teleological elaboration for entities in the natural world, but to reject it for the social world. (Fukuyama, 82-113) One might accept essentialism about social institutions generally and markets in particular, but reject the teleological elaboration of essentialism that Aristotle offers. The options open to the "essentialist" are much more varied and complex than recent anti-essentialist caricatures of the position allow (Frank, 213-268). The picture of Aristotle's influence on subsequent essentialist thought about social institutions in general and the market in particular is similarly complex. Both Aristotle's essentialism and his discussion of the market have had a large influence on philosophical and economic thought. Aristotelian essentialism, as far as description of the natural world is concerned, has had a long-standing influence and indeed has recently undergone something of a revival. (Fukuyama, 82-113) In the social realm it is possible to find theorists, most notably Hegel and Marx, who self-consciously defend Aristotle's essentialism in its full teleological form. Aristotle's discussion of th

Examine anticipated interview questions, responses and previous Essay

Examine anticipated interview questions, responses and previous interview experiences - Essay Example The most appropriate dress for a job interview was noted to be conservative. This means wearing the â€Å"the traditional dark suit and white shirt† (McGowen, n.d., par. 1). McGowen (n.d.) also recommended that for a job interview, ladies should wear dark colored suits or dress and the skirt should be knee length. Likewise, dark colored shoes are suggested to be worn. For men, the dark classic suit should be worn with black leather shoes. Other important suggestions include ensuring that the hair is neatly combed and that there are less accessories or perfume so as not to distract the interviewer during the process. On a daily basis, wearing the most appropriate dress would depend on what other employees wear. As such, one could initially ask which is the most preferred dress code for men and women in the work setting as soon as the job has been awarded. Likewise, one could also observe what are the preferred and traditional office wear that could be accepted; and that which would retain professionalism and adherence to a good corporate image. In one’s job, casual dress is actually considered okay. Only those that are too revealing or that which could distract customers and other employees in the regular course of business transactions which are considered unacceptable. Tattoos and piercings are not allowed in one’s work setting because these are perceived to be detrimental to maintaining a professional corporate image. As such, one is aware that there is a workplace policy regarding dress code and the restrictions for tattoos and body piercings to make it explicitly clear on the code of behavior and conduct that employees must adhere to. Maintaining a good impression in the work setting is part of assuming a professional stance and an appropriate work ethics. Dressing for success in the work setting should be consistent with the policies and procedures of the organization with regards to proper decorum in following defined dress

Capital Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Planning - Research Paper Example That is why it is also known as "economic rate of return (ERR)". When multiple projects are presented to the organization, the project that gives the highest internal rate of return will be selected for investment. It is important to know about the net present value of the project because then the investor can decide whether it is worth investing in a project or not. When multiple projects are presented to the organization, all available future streams of returns, until its full useful life, will be converted to its present value and the project that gives highest net present value will be the most lucrative of the projects that are available for investment. Thus, net present value (NPV) is an appraisal technique to arrive at the conclusion to invest in a most lucrative project, from a financial perspective. Leasing is a novel way of financing machinery, equipment, computer or any other asset without paying the full amount upfront. The lessor (financer) and the lessee (receiver of the asset) are the two parties involved in any leasing agreement in which the lessee needs to pay agreed lease charges, monthly or yearly, for the use of the asset. The advantage is that the person need not worry about arranging funds to buy the asset. It is better to lease an asset in which obsolescence rate is quite high. When one is interested in using the asset rather than owning it, it is better to lease the asset (Murray, 2012). d) Comparing outright payment versus present value of all leasing rates to be paid over its useful life. If the present value of the leasing cost is not substantially higher than outright purchase (around 20%), I would go for leasing the

Extensional definition Essay Example for Free

Extensional definition Essay Success, a word that has a very subjective and ever changing definition. To many success is measured with the amount of cars one has or the size of ones house; to others success is just thriving with what is available. Although success has many different meanings across the world there is two that stick out; Thriving with what you have at your disposal, and being able to live comfortably and without any worries. If one was to ask a child that lives in California what is their definition of success; he/she would probably answer, success is having a lot of cars and a big house. This is generally what people in westernized countries define success as. But if you were to ask a child in a farming town in China what he/she would define success as. The answer would be, to make it through life with enough food and survive. This is what the definition of success use to be everywhere before there was so many amenities in life. The definition has changed drastically, and has evolved with the economy. Thriving with what you have at your disposal is what everyone does but some have much less than others and vise versa. This is one definition that has stuck with word throughout time; but is interpreted in many different ways. The other definition of success that sticks out is that success means being able to live comfortably and without any worries. A very close family friend has said this many times â€Å"Being a successful dentist has its perks, I don’t have to worry about anything besides my practice and it is a very comfortable lifestyle.† This gave me a new perspective on what the definition of success was at a young age. He unwittingly taught me that success is making life as comfortable and as worry free as possible. To do this one would think they need copious amounts of money to do this but that is wrong. Many people try to live outside of their means to make them look like they are successful but doing this they are actually doing more harm to their success than helping it. One does not need to make a six figure salary to have success. What one need is the right mind set, which is not to live outside of your means and everything you are not doing to better yourself is  harming your success in the long run. For example one does not need to take a loan out on a car, spend what you already have. doing this will instill upon you to not spend outside of what you have. Success, there are countless definitions for the word. The two that stand out are both subjective definitions, and they are completely different. Thriving with what you have at your disposal, and to be able to live comfortably and worry free. The definition of success changes with the economy and the living standards of the world. At the end success is what you make it.

History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay

History Of Intruder Knowledge Versus Attack Sophistication Information Technology Essay Intrusion detection is a necessary security infrastructure for any organization. Its a process of noticing or monitoring the events like imminent threats or unexpected new attacks, standard security practices, acceptable policies and existing attacks that occur in a network or computer. Detecting process is mainly based on signs of incidents. The process which attempts to block these detected incidents is known as intrusion prevention. Both the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) are principally focused on log information, identifying incidents, blocking incidents, reporting incidents to administrator. The regular problems when handling IDS is analysis of system generated events, because in a busy network there will be so many events to analyse with help of some monitoring tools and devices but its very hard manage due to unwanted outcomes, undetected threats and unmanageable threats. These threats can cause a serious damage to the network or organi zation. Research Question and Objectives: Every organisation recurrently face problem because of threats. As an Information Systems Security student I would like to do some research in Intrusion detection system. My main aim is to do an experiment on the Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) with help of Snort to detect network based attacks. Presently how the security infrastructure of the organizations is facing problems with imminent threats and malicious attacks? How it can be reduced by intrusion detection system? In what way the tools and techniques can be used to experiment the network based attacks? The research objectives are planning and implementing IDS, Monitoring for critical security threats and detecting them network wide, detecting malicious users on the network, proactive administration, regular network maintenance, 24/7 security event management, Signature and protocol tuning, alerting and preventing the detected threats. Hopefully all these objectives can be achieved by implement a network security with Snort. Snort is a flexible, small, light-weight and cross platform tool which is very suitable for NIDS. While working on this research network may also need some other computer running with tools like Suricata and Bro which are also familiar for NIDS and Experiment will also examine the integration of OSSEC with the analyst console Sguil. Literature Review: The Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are vital modules of defensive methods to protect a network or computer system from abuse. Network intrusion detection system examines all inbound and outbound network activities and notices the attack in network or computer. IDS are a passive monitoring system it alerts when distrustful activity takes place. It inspects the network traffic and data. It identifies the probes, exploits, attacks and vulnerabilities. It responds to the malicious events in several ways like displaying alerts, events log or paging an administrator. It can reconfigure the network and reduce the effect of the malicious activities like worms and virus. It precisely looks at intrusion signatures or hacker signatures so that it can distinguish worms or viruses from general system activities. Intrusion detections are categorized as misuse detection, anomaly detection, passive and reactive system, network based system and host based system. This picture shows history of Intruder Knowledge versus Attack sophistication Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Misuse detection: In misuse detection IDS investigates the gathered information and compares it to huge databases of attack signature. Primarily IDS look for particular attack which was already documented. It is very similar to anti-virus because the detection software has good collection of intrusion signature database and it compares packets against the database. Anomaly detection: In anomaly the administrator provides the baseline, network traffic load state, typical packet size, breakdown and protocol. Anomaly detector compares the inspected network segment to normal baseline and examines the anomalies. Passive and Reactive systems: In passive systems IDS perceive a potential security breach, signal alerts and information of logs. Coming to reactive system IDS reacts to the distrustful and malicious activities either by shutting down the user or by reprogramming the firewall to stop or block network traffic from a malicious source. Network based IDS: IDS are network or host based solutions. Network based intrusion detection systems (NIDS) is an independent platform which categorizes network traffic and examines multiple hosts. They are hardware appliances hence they consists of network intrusion detection capabilities. It does consist of hardware sensors which are located along the network or demilitarized zone. NIDS gains access over network traffic by connecting to network hubs and switches and they are configured got network tap or port mapping. The sensor software will examine all the data packets which are going in and out of the network. NIDS are comparatively cheaper solutions that HIDS. It also need less training and administration but it is not as flexible as HIDS. NIDS system must have a good bandwidth Internet access and regular updates of latest worms and virus signatures. Best example is Snort Host based IDS: Host based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) are not suitable for real time detection. It has to be configured properly to use in real time. It has software agents which are installed on individual host computers within the system. It analyse the packets going in and out from that specific computer where the intrusion detection software is installed. It also examines the application logs, system calls and file system changes. HIDS can provide some addition features which not there in NIDS. For instance HIDS are capable to inspect activities which are only able to implement by administrator. It detects the modifications in the key system files and can also examine the attempts to overwrite key files. Trojans and backdoors installation can be detected and stopped; these particular intrusions are not generally seen in NIDS. HIDS systems must have internet access and also frequent updates of worms and virus signatures. Certain application based IDS are also a portion of HIDS. Best examp le is OSSEC. IDS Protection Source: http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/IEEE_IDS.pdf Intrusion detection system (IDS) vs. Intrusion prevention system (IPS): Most of them believe like IDS IPS works similar and IPS is future way of IDS. But it is like comparing an apple and banana. These two solutions are very different from each other. IDS is passive it monitors and detects but IPS is active prevention system. The IDS drawbacks can be overcome by implementation, management and proper training. IDS is a cheaper implementation that IPS. However, by looking at IPS benefits most of them believe that IPS is following generation of IDS. The main point to remember is that no single security device can prevent all attacks at all the time. IDS and IPS works satisfactory when they are integrated with some addition and current security solutions. The combination of firewall and IDS gives protection to system so IPS is usually considered as next generation IDS. Presently IPS also has both types of HIPS and NIPS as like IDS. IPS can some more actions like dropping the malicious data packets, sending an alarm, reorganizing the connection and/or stoppi ng the traffic from the malicious IP address, correcting CRC errors and few more like cleaning up unwanted network and transport layer options. Snort: Snort is free and open source software which is used for network intrusion detection (NIDS) and network intrusion prevention system (NIPS). Martin Roesch was the creator of snort in 1998 but now it is maintained by a network security software and hardware company known as Sourcefire. Roesch is the founder and Chief technical officer of Sourcefire. The latest version is 2.9.0.5 and it was released on 6th April 2011. It is written in C language and cross-platform so that can run on any operating system. It is also a licensed by GNU general public license. Over a decade Snort has been recognized as the best prominent software in the security Industry. Snort is a great piece of software used for NIDS. It has ability to perform real time traffic analysis, protocol analysis, content matching, Internet Protocol networks packet log and content search. It can even examine probes or attacks, buffer overflows, OS fingerprinting, common gateway interface, stealth port scans and server message block probes. Snort mainly configured in three modes network intrusion detection, sniffer and packet logger. In NIDS mode it can examine network traffic and inspect it against ruleset provided by the user. As a sniffer it read all network data packets and displays them on the user console. As a packet logger it writes all log packets to the harddisk. Some 3rd party tools like Snorby, RazorBack and Base interface with snort for administration, log analysis and reporting. Snort provides dramatic power, speed and performance. It is light weight and protects against latest dynamic threats by rules based detection engine. Its source code and ruleset are regularly revised and tested by worldwide security professionals. It is most popular for IDS and IPS solutions with more than 205,000 registered users. There are minimum 25 companies that are incorporate with Snort for network security assistance. Snort vs. Suricata vs. Bro Source:http://blog.securitymonks.com/2010/08/26/three-little-idsips-engines-build-their-open-source-solutions/ Suricata and Bro: Suricata is also an open sources which is used for IDS and/or IPS. Open Information Security Foundation (OISF) has developed it. First standard release was in July 2010. It was written in C language and can run in Linux, Mac and Windows operating systems. It was licensed by GNU general public license. Suricata is a new tool when compared with other Opensource IDS and very best in all as shown in the above figure. As its new software there are no much research papers and journals. Bro is open source and UNIX based, it is used for NIDS. It was written by Vern Paxson and licensed by BSD. It runs on any Linux based operating system. These two tools are very good very there is no much research and literature on them. But these two are quite good when compared to Snort. OSSEC and SGUIL: OSSEC is an open source HIDS. It does log analysis, rootkit detection, windows registry monitoring, active response and integrity checking. It offers IDS for all Linux, Mac and Windows Operating systems because it has centralized cross platform. It was written by Daniel B in 2004. SGUIL is a pool of free software modules for Network Security Monitoring and IDS alerts. It was written in Tcl/Tk and run on any OS which supports Tcl/Tk. It integrates with Snort and generates alert data and session data from SANCP. Full content can be retrieved my running Snort in packet logger mode. Sguil is an application of Network Security Monitoring (NSM) Critical evaluation: The gathered information from different sources gives a brief idea of research. Literature covers all the aims and objectives of the research which was drawn and supported from the pool of journals, research papers, white papers, blogs and wikis. Introduction gives the over idea of the research going to takes place. Research question focuses on the field of interest and research area. Objectives mentions the clear tasks what are going to be achieved and its designed as a step by step procedure like starting with planning and implementation of IDS and later the steps that have to be achieved in the research area and ends with the some necessary applications like Snort, OSSEC and SGUIL which are very important to achieve the most out of Intrusion detection. Literature review covers almost each and every necessary step that is required in the research area. It is also very relevant to the research area and completely confined to it without any deviations. Intrusion detection and different types of IDS are clearly explained. Host based intrusion detection systems and Network based intrusion detection systems are clearly explained with help of graphical images. The differences between IDS and IPS are mentioned and it also explains why IPS is more powerful. Lastly main application like Snort, Suricata, Bro, OSSEC and SGUIL are completely covered with features. But the interesting finding during literature search is Suricata and Bro. Both are very good for IDS and they are having more advanced features than the Snort. However there is very less research done it that area. So there is a need of qualitative data by taking interviews of some security professionals and lectures. At last, in brief literature covers all the parameters of research question, objectives, methods and outcomes of different IDS and applications which are suitable for IDS are well organized and documented. Research Methods and Methodology: I would like do the research according to Inductive process because I am sure about the topic and I want to know the outcomes of the experiment. As inductive research moves from specific point to general I selected it and start working. In this research I am planning to implement an experiment in small network with some applications. I am using these methodology and methods for the sake of researching, investigating and evaluating the research area. I have got some set of research problems and classifications. According to explanatory research action I have set some aims to achieve. As a next step collected a pool of information required, organized the required out of it, analysed information and evaluated the literature, planning the experiment in all possible ways to detect more threats even in a busy traffic network. Now it is an important time to start my experiment before that I have to do some qualitative research by conducting interviews about Suricata and Bro because I need some assistance on suricata and bro to take a advantage of it. I am not interested on survey because as they are new applications people might know less about it and I thing its waste of doing. Case study and field study are also better to do because they can have depth look at issue or problem. But problem with field study is they may consume more time and they are very expensive. Quantitation method will be used analysing some numerical values, graphs and proportions. Experiment design can be categorized by certain criteria Controlled experiment, Cross-sectional designs, Quasi experimental designs and Pre experimental designs Methodologies discussed in the literature review are from user view so I might vulnerable to attack and have plan well for the implementation of experiment. These vulnerabilities can be fixed face to face interviews with security professionals and can also do by narrowing hypothesis. After the experiment the observations and analysis must be tested with hypothesis of proposed theory. Finally I will use both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection process. I have planned to continue my experiment with the same Inductive research approach. Objectives Methods Planning and implementation of IDS Literature review, research papers and interviews Detection process Literature review, case study and research papers Network maintenance, proactive administration and security Management Literature review, white papers, blogs, case studies Signature and Protocol tuning Interviews, updates from, on-going researchs and literature reviews Implementing of security management tools Interviews, case studies and some more qualitative approaches Budget: Issues of access and ethics: Potential outcomes: Expected Impact: The experiment impact would be more informative and extremely useful in the field of intrusion detection. Research will clearly show the intrusions events and blocks them even at the busy network traffic time. It may also show some new advantages because of the suricata and bro. In my opinion this research is going to detect and block all the intrusions up to date. Depending upon the qualitative approach some more methods of suricata and bros can be implement to network to get the best out of it. Conclusion: The research at first started with a study of intrusion detection and then after I have drawn some boundaries with that following objectives. During literature collection I found some other interesting tools like Suricata and Bro which are predominately better that Snort. Though they are good but I couldnt find much literature and research area with them. So finally I decided to do an experiment on IDS with a small network consisting of Snort IDS and secondarily I am planning to keep one computer with Suricate IDS and other with Bros IDS and see the difference of these three tools from another angle. If I am successful dissertation can end up like Snort vs Suricata vs Bro or else minimum I can be successful with Snort. Using the research methodology of data collection and critical evaluation the literature work is investigated and evaluated. Lastly the outcomes of the theory are assumed from the research. I have already spoken to Neil regarding my dissertation idea and selected him as my supervisor. Finally I thank Neil Richardson and Louise Webb for providing ne this opportunity.